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MiFID II is coming with less than four months to go until the start date in January 2018, yet money mangers and hedge funds are scrabbling to find the right regulatory structure and the right way to manage the costs of the business. MiFID requires an unbundling of brokerage from research costs. Asset managers will either have to pay for research or bill clients. Many managers have yet to make or disclose their intentions on how research costs will be handled. A topic that has not been fully covered is an understanding of the cost generating the investment returns based on the process employed.

August showed growing dispersion across styles, sectors, countries, and bonds. For example, there was almost a 5% difference between holding the emerging market and value ETF’s (EEM-IWN) For sectors, there was an 8 percent differential between energy and technology (XLE – XLK) and a 3.5% difference in bonds between long-term Treasuries and high yield (TLT – HYG).

Many of our trend indicators were mixed coming into last month but continued gains in currencies and a strong bond rally positively contributed to performance for many CTA’s. The current trend indicators suggest continuation of these existing price moves. We take a representative sample of markets in a sector and count how many have up or down trends to form a sector estimate. The sector estimates can be strongly up or down or more neutral with a bias up or down as indicated by our arrows.

Many CTA managers posted gains for August based on strong bond moves in the US and up trends in European fixe income. Currencies continued to add to profitability albeit the decline in the dollar has a flatter slope than previous months. Gold trading was profitable for those who traded it in tandem with currencies. Equity index trading was a more difficult sector given mid-month spikes in volatility and a reversal in direction during the second half of the month. Commodity trading was mixed for many managers with profitability associated with market allocation and style of trading employed. Oil trended lower while refined products and natural gas were slightly up for the month. Hurricane Harvey volatility affected position-taking at the end of the month. Industrial metals have continued their summer upward trends which has caused renewed interest in this sector.

The book, The End of Theory: Financial Crises, the Failure of Economics, and the Sweep of Human Interaction by Richard Bookstaber touches on the important idea that markets are driven by a diverse set of agents who have different objectives, levels of rationality, rules for making decision, and market power. The book makes a strong case for throwing out the existing theories that often rely on representative agents in order to more effectively explain the messy business of modeling financial markets.

Global returns in August were unusual because of the bipolar behavior across market sectors. The strong performance on the long-end of the Treasury curve coupled with the negative returns for small cap and value suggests there was a flight to safety by investors, yet one the best performing sectors was the riskier emerging markets sector.

There are events that do not capture headlines but can turn into a major market catalyst. Call it the twig snapping in the savannah. One event and the herd starts to move which may begin the stampede. Recent events in the credit default swap market could be one of these catalyst events. The herd may not react right away and this could turn out to be nothing, but we believe this is the type of catalyst that can change market perceptions.

A provocative chart from the research piece The Volatility Paradox: Tranquil Markets May Harbor Hidden Risks by the Office of Financial Research Markets Monitor shows the poor forecasting of volatility when there is a regime change. Of course, tranquil markets harbor hidden risks. Low volatility is pricing in a lack of imagination of what the future may hold. The markets usually say that tomorrow’s change will be represented by the deviations of yesterday. We have learned from reading Minsky that low volatility will lead to risk-seeking behavior as investors reach for yield, employ leverage, and become complacent. Hence, a shift in regime will lead to more dramatic change in volatility.

Momentum works, whether structured as a times series or a cross-sectional strategy, across many asset classes. Carry strategies or risk premiums also work across a wide set of asset classes. More importantly, we know when these strategies do not work, or we at least know what are times to avoid. Also, when trend-following (time series momentum) does best, carry will likely under-perform and when carry is doing well, trend strategies are likely to under-perform. These are statistical relationships, but there are good narratives for why these two strategies are complements.

Interest concerning alternative risk premiums has surged over the last few years. With this increased interest there has been questions with how to best access these premiums under real market conditions and not just measure them through existing asset classes. Investors want to know how to operationalize the theory and research.

In spite of the strong growth of systematic trading, the problem of “algorithm aversion” is real and must be addressed. In many cases and in many disciplines, models do better than humans, but humans feel anxious with models and do not want to place decision-making in the hands of a machine. Even if a model does better at forecasting, individuals may still prefer the discretionary or non-alto approach if there is the perception that the model is imperfect. It seems as though individuals will like to have the optionality to choose an approach (model or discretion) as opposed to being locked into one choice. See our posts: “Algorithm aversion” and managed futures and Algorithm aversion or just a desire for low cost optionality